Presentation

Introducing Endless Paper; an all-new kind of app featuring infinite canvases! This lets you take handwritten notes, sketch diagrams, explore and grow ideas visually, brainstorm with your team, organize your thoughts spatially, and so much more… We really advise you to read the chapter about bookmarks  to learn how to keep track of all your content and avoid losing any of your work!

To use Endless Paper we recommend you to use an iPad and an Apple Pencil or a Logitech Crayon.

Interface

Endless Paper (UI) tries to be as distraction-free and low cognitive as possible. As a convention, destructive actions are signaled using either an orange or red color screen.

You’ll see that Endless Paper has also divided its controls between hand gestures for navigating the canvas and stylus actions for interacting with your project.

Endless Paper's minimal interface consists of three main areas, designed to keep your focus on your artwork.

Pen

The “pen” is the best choice for note taking. It moderately reacts to pressure like a ballpoint pen, allowing you to keep a fairly uniform line. To select the pen, simply tap on it in the toolbar.

Paint brush

This brush is the perfect choice for drawings and gives you extra creative control over your stroke thickness.

Technical pen

The “technical pen” is the best brush to draw a quick scheme. It is the most stable option. Its line size doesn’t vary no matter the pressure and the size range in the extended toolbar is as stable as the pen, and at the same time has more than just a large or a small option.

Highlighter

The “highlighter” is the perfect option to make your ideas pop out! Its strokes are more regular and allow you to highlight areas of your canvas when combined with the right layer.

You can customize the end caps of highlighter strokes, switching between straight and rounded styles by using the button above the layer selector

Size

In the extended toolbar, you can select a different size for each brush. The size menu will vary depending on the selected tool.

The pen and the “technical pen” are the most stable ones. The pen allows only two sizes (regular and heading) while the “technical pen” offers you 13 different sizes.

Meanwhile the paint brush and the highlighter (and the eraser) all offer a more precise size menu. In the extended toolbar, just drag the cursor up or down the “size chooser” until you reach your desired size.

Layers

Near the lock thickness button is the layer button. There are four different layers that you can choose from:  bottom,  lower,  upper and  top. To select a layer, tap the layer button and pick the one you want to write or draw on from the list.

In the Option Tab  you can choose to hide or show each layer. By default the four layers are visible.

Ruler

When you’re using a brush you can use the modifier button  to turn your strokes into straight lines. You can connect these lines to any other strokes thanks to its snapping feature. To go back to normal strokes, tap again on the modifier button.

If you are using an Apple Pencil Pro, you can set up the squeeze action to quickly activate the ruler.

Eraser options

The “eraser” shares most of its settings with the brushes like the size and the layer system. However it also has some specific features.

Color choosers

In the toolbar, you can see 6 little colored circles that make a palette - the palette in the toolbar is the “Quick Access Palette”. To select a color and use it, simply tap on it with your finger or your stylus.

You can swipe the toolbar to the right to access the extended toolbar. Here you can select different color palettes and set them as the Quick Access Palette.

To modify the color from a palette, tap once on the color you wish to change and select the color you need in your color chooser.

Eyedropper

The “eyedropper” is a tool to pick a color from a previous drawing or an existing picture.

Simply press a finger on the color you want to change from the palette, while still holding the first finger, tap on the desired color on your canvas with the pencil.

If you are using an Apple Pencil Pro, you can set up the squeeze action to quickly activate the eyedropper.

Palettes

Endless Paper has four default palettes designed for each brush.

To access your “palette library” you can open the extended toolbar. Here you can save palette, switch between them and manage them.

If you plan to reuse a set of colors in the future you may want to save your current 6 color selections. To save your selections to your palette library, tap on the  button. It will automatically save your palette to the drop down menu on the left, and you’ll be able to access it later.

If you forgot to save the last palette that you were using, you can go back to it by tapping on the  button, under the save button.

You can modify the position of one of your palettes in the drop down menu by pressing your finger on it until it raises slightly and then dragging it up or down.

To erase a palette, simply swipe it to the left and tap on the delete button, or continue swiping to the left.

To restore the default color palette, you simply need to tap on the gear button  at the top right corner of the screen, then tap on the second gear button  on the bottom left corner of the popover to access the Option Tab . You can then tap on the orange “restore default color palettes” button, under the “advanced color chooser” switch.

Restoring the default palettes won't erase any of your customized palettes.

Add a picture

You can drag and drop pictures onto your canvas from other apps.

Use the split screen mode: tap on the three dots at the top of your screen while using Endless Paper. Tap on the button in the middle with two little rectangles, then select the other app with your desired picture.

Picture’s Actions

To interact with a picture, you need to activate it then tap once again on it. Following this, a list of available commands will pop up.

• To duplicate your selected picture by tapping on the “Duplicate” button. The new image is now activated.
• To put your picture in front of your scribbles and other pictures (in the top layer), just tap on the “Bring to Front” button.
• To move your picture behind your scribbles and other pictures (to the bottom layer) just tap on the “Send to Back” button.
• To change your picture's layer, tap on the "Layers" button.
• To replace your picture with another one from your files, tap on the “Replace” button.
• To erase a picture, tap on the “Remove” button.

Transparency Aware Picking

As you are able to import images with transparent parts onto your canvas, this feature allows you to pick other assets placed under these transparent parts.

When the "Transparency Aware Picking" button is activated, pictures with transparent areas can be manipulated only by interacting with its visible (non-transparent) parts.

By disabling the Transparency Aware Picking, you won't be able to pick images under transparent parts as the picture with transparent part will be selected instead.

Bookmarks

Bookmarks are shortcuts that take you directly to certain locations on your canvas. They are a great way to keep track of your work, and keep you from being lost.

You can create your own bookmarks to help you stay organized in your notes. To create a bookmark, go directly to the bookmark popover and tap on the  button. This will save your current location as a new bookmark.

Folders

You can organize your bookmarks in folders, and nest folders in folders. To create a folder, tap on the three dots  at the top right corner of the bookmark menu. Then, tap on the "New Folder " button. This will create a new empty folder, that you will have to name.

To put a bookmark inside a folder you can either create a bookmark while the folder is open, or drag and drop existing bookmarks inside the new folder. In the same fashion, you can drag and drop a bookmark out of the folder by keeping it over the bookmark button until it flickers.

Modify

You can modify any created folder , bookmark  or presentation  by doing a long press on the one you are trying to edit. After a few seconds you should see a drop down menu with diverse options like Rename , Copy Title and Delete .

Move to top  and move to bottom  are both options to change how organized your bookmark menu is.

Recenter  allows you to change the bookmark location without having to create a new one.

Canvas’ options

Giving a long press with your finger on a canvas opens its options tab. There you can rename  the chosen canvas, copy  its name, duplicate  the whole canvas or export it as an archive . At the bottom you can see a red button to delete the canvas from your gallery.

If your chosen canvas is part of a set of revisions, you can also set it as the active revision  (which means that it will be considered the last version of the set), select all the revisions of the set , or select only the other revisions of the set .

Revisions

Revisions are canvases that are linked by a common ancestor. To put it simply, all canvases that originate from the same canvas will be viewed as a group of revisions.

Revisions have additional options available in their option tab. You can set the chosen revision as the active one  (which will make a star appear on its thumbnail to help you locate quickly the right revision you wish to work on). You can also select every the revisions safe from your currently chosen one at once , or all the revisions .

You can group all your revisions together in your gallery by tapping on the "Group by Revision " button at the end of the library option pop-over .

Gallery’s organization

The three dots  at the top of the screen is a pop-over of all your options for the gallery, and its items.

"New Canvas " creates a new empty canvas in your gallery, while "import archive " lets you add an existing surface that has been archived.

Archives

An “Archive” bundles all of your canvas’ (or canvases') data in a single file - it’s a back-up mechanism to move data from one device to another. You can export  your canvases as archives or import  them in your gallery

Export as image

Tap on this  button to open the crop tool interface. There you will be able to frame precisely what part of your canvas you want to include in your image.

Exporting your canvas as an image won’t share your whole canvas. Think of it like a screenshot - showing only what’s visible on your screen.

Export as PDF

You can export parts of your canvas as PDF files. While this format also won't let you zoom in indefinitely, its limitations are less important than the image export.

Tap on the  button in the sharing pop-over to open a crop tool interface similar to the image export's. There you will be able to frame precisely what part of your canvas you want to include in your pdf.

Exporting your canvas as a PDF file won’t share your whole canvas. Think of it like a screenshot - showing only what you've framed or what was visible in the bookmarks you've selected.

Export as archive

Live Broadcast

You can Broadcast your canvas to display it on multiple devices at the same time. You can navigate on your own canvas, and all the viewers will follow.

This is a great tool for teachers to make sure that every student is currently in the same location on the canvas, and to share your notes without having to download the app on all the devices.

Tap on the ‘Start broadcast’ button to start broadcasting. Tap again to stop (it should be now called “Stop broadcast”).

Create

To create a presentation, tap on the three dots at the top right corner of the bookmark menu. then, tap on the "New Presentation " button.

You will have to choose the ratio in which your presentation will be seen.

The order in which the bookmarks are classed determines the order in which they will be viewed during the presentation. Just like Folders you can either create new bookmarks directly in the presentation folder, or drag and drop existing bookmarks.

Presentation mode

The “presentation mode” is an interface to show your notes and/or use them as a presentation.

This mode will make buttons appear that will quickly let you go from one bookmark to another. You will also be able to recenter your screen on a bookmark at any moment, and to keep track of your time!

You will still be able to take notes and add extras to your canvas while in “presentation mode”.

Adaptative Bullets

You can apply a grid like pattern over your surface to help you write and draw neatly, like in a bullet journal. This pattern is anchored and adaptive: it will follow you as you navigate through your canvas and will always remain at the same place when you switch them on and off.

To activate the bullet grid, just tap on "Display Bullets" in the option tab . There you can choose how much space there is between the bullets and modify their size to make them more or less visible depending on your needs.

Canvas Themes

In the option tab  you can choose from 6 themes for your canvas, each altering the background color of your surface and adjusting predefined palettes to better suit the new environment.

The 6 themes are:

• Whiteboard the initial, white theme with basic palettes,
• Carbon offers a dark background with flashy color palettes,
• Chill features a soft blue background to reduce eye strain, especially for those with astigmatism. The color palette is subdued and calming,
• Warm creates a paper-like feeling with a light beige background and sunny color palettes,
• Chalkboard ideal for reproducing a school chalkboard, complete with chalk-like colors in the palettes,
• Blueprint for users who want to elevate their schemes with a blue background and white nuances in the palettes.

You can also use your own custom color by tapping on the "Custom" icon below the themes' thumbnails. This will lead you to an advanced color chooser. The last six colors you've selected as a background color are available below the "Custom" button.

Dark mode

The dark mode is a feature that adapts the app's interface and canvas to a darker environment by changing their color schemes. The app automatically follows your device's mode, requiring you to switch your entire device for Endless Paper to also be in dark mode.

In dark mode, your canvas will change its background color as well as the color of all your previous strokes to fit the new appearance.

If you wish to keep your canvas and its strokes in light mode, you can change the dark mode's behavior in the options tab .

• Follow System ensures your canvas reflects your device's settings.
• Always Light maintains the canvas appearance even in dark mode.
• Always Dark keeps your canvas and its strokes in dark mode, regardless of the system setting.

Options

Information

The information tab contains all the important information about your canvas, as well as ways to contact us.

Data Size : 32,20 MB
Asset Size : 3,01 MB
Ink Samples : 1 356 487

App Version : 1.3.0 (154)
Build Date : 2023-04-19 17:46:24+0200

Hardware : iPad Pro 12.9 Inch 3rd Generation (iPad8,5)
OS Version : iPadOS 16.3.1
Device : 39CE48BA-87E9-4B6E-8535-381C3772CA7B
VCS Version : fractile-bc95ade-dirty

Undo and redo

You can undo or redo an action with a 2-finger double tap and a 3-finger double tap.

Ruler

You can keep your finger pressed on the modifier button  to create straight lines. Removing your finger will make it go back to normal strokes. This allows a quicker interaction, perfect when you only need to add a single straight line to your canvas!

Create a new bookmark

To quickly create a new bookmark without a name, simply keep your finger on the red bookmark menu icon , this will save your current location.

I want the beta version of Endless Paper

The beta version of Endless Paper is a test version of the app, that will later be launched for everyone. You can request access to the ‘beta version’, some users are already using it today.

For this, you'll need to download ‘TestFlight’ by following this link:

https://apps.apple.com/fr/app/testflight/id899247664

Then you'll need to tap on the "Experimental Features" button from your Endless Paper app, in the info tab in the settings popover.

You should then receive an email from Apple with a TestFlight invite to download the beta version. This invite will suffice, you won't need any redeem code. This process might take a few days.

The only catch is that, if you're an artist, we'd like you to tag us in your posts online when you use Endless Paper.

Here are our diverse social media platforms:

• Youtube @endlesspaper-app
• LinkedIn https://www.linkedin.com/company/endless-paper/
• Twitter @endlesspaper
• Instagram @endlesspaper.app
• TikTok @endlesspaper
• Website https://endlesspaper.app

I lost my work and can’t find it back, what do I do?

To go back to where it all started for you, you can open the bookmark menu and visit the « predefined » folder. Here you’ll find:

• the '🐣 Origin' bookmark that will lead you back to the first place you’ve been on this canvas
• The '🏠 Session' bookmark, that will lead you back to the beginning of your current session
• The '🌍 Global View' bookmark will show you your whole canvas so far (the closest view to still fit all your strokes)

Bookmarks  are really useful to avoid being lost in our own canvas! You can create multiple ones to ‘save’ the localisation of your different works. For example: a bookmark for each project, one for your drawings, another for some notes taken during an interview, etc.

If you've truly lost your work and can't find it by tapping on any of the predefined bookmarks, you'll have to contact us. We’ll run a special tool that will find hidden content (deeply nested drawings) and tag them with a bookmark so that you can easily jump back to it.

This process might take a few days.

How to do a presentation ?

To create a presentation you need to tap on the three dot at the top right corner of the bookmark menu , and select « New Presentation  ».

You’ll then need to choose the aspect ratio you wish to use for your presentation, and then add bookmarks that will serve as slides into your newly created presentation folder.

The order of the slides in the presentation folder reflect the order of the slides during the presentation. To start the presentation, go in the presentation folder and tap on the play button . You can go to the next or previous slide with the arrow buttons   on the right side of your screen, and exit with the cross button .

The app is compatible with Bluetooth remotes/clickers.

You can also go to the next/previous slide using the keyboard arrows if you have one.

Can I have a refund?

We are sorry to hear that our app was not up to your standards. Of course you can have a refund, no hard feelings!

The process is entirely taken care of by Apple. Here is the procedure:

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204084

The app doesn’t let me draw/doesn’t work!

If you don't have an Apple Pencil you will have to switch on the "Draw with finger" feature at the bottom of the option tab in the setting pop-over.

If you do use an Apple Pencil (or a Logitech Crayon), you may have a pressure sensitivity problem on your pencil. It can be both a software or hardware problem.

First, to rule out a software issue:

Try unpairing the ‘pencil’ in the iPad Settings under Bluetooth, then hard reboot the iPad and then re-pair the ‘pencil’ to see if this helps.

To hard reboot the new iPad Pros:

• press then release the volume up button (1 second)

• press then release the volume down button (1 second)

• then hold on the Lock (Power) button at the top (about 5 seconds)

You’ll see the ‘slide to power off’ message, but keep holding a few more seconds until the Apple logo comes up first.

When you see the Apple logo, release the ‘power button’ and wait while the device powers up and the Lock screen appears.

If this doesn’t help, it might be a hardware issue with your particular ‘Pencil’. We have seen this issue before and so we made a diagnostic tool integrated into the App.

First of all you need to send us an email with your diagnostic information.

Then from your iPad, copy/paste this link to safari ( ep://support/pencilDiagnostic ) and follow the on-screen instructions: Run pencil pressure diagnostic in Endless Paper.

The data will be transmitted to me automatically at the end of the diagnostic (make sure you are connected to WIFI) and we’ll be notified.

Once we receive the diagnostic data, we’ll get back to you to tell you if it is a hardware issue.If it is a hardware issue, you’ll have to contact the Apple Store/reseller to get a replacement.

If you have an Apple Pencil but your app still doesn’t work, make sure your Apple Pencil is connected and functions properly.You can test those things by following these links:

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT205236

https://support.apple.com/en-gb/guide/ipad/ipadc9c41abb/ipados

Is there a left-handed mode?

Yes! Go to Left-handed mode section to know how how to adapt your interface based on whether you are a right hander or a left hander.

Is there a layer system?

Because of its note taking roots, Endless Paper currently has 4 layers system (bottom  / lower  / upper  / top ).

You can select the layer you want to interact with by tapping on on the layer selector in the extended toolbar, and hide or show each layer in the Option Tab .

With the eraser, you can choose to erase on specific layers or on all visible layers .

What is the scale limit?

At the scale of human existence, Endless Paper is pretty much infinite: so no limit.

On the very first piece of Vaskange, a content producer that uses our app, we estimated a canvas size 16x the Earth -> Sun distance. It has grown a lot since…

Can I pick the color from another image?

Yes, you can sample and select a color from any imported image with the Eyedropper tool.

To use it, simply press a finger on the color you want to change for a few seconds and then, while still holding the first finger, tap on the desired color on your canvas with the pencil.

Which iPads are supported by Endles Paper?

Endless Paper is compatible with the following iPad models:

• iPad mini (5th generation and later)
• iPad (6th generation and later)
• iPad Air (3rd generation and later)
• iPad Pro 12.9-inch (1st generation and later)
• iPad Pro 11-inch (1st generation and later)
• iPad Pro 10.5-inch
• iPad Pro 9.7-inch

Essentially every iPad compatible with Apple Pencil.

To identify your iPad model:

https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201471

We are planning on offering an iPhone support in the future, and hoping that one day we’ll be able to be on androids and computers.

How to make my toolbar reappear?

If your toolbar is hidden, simply swipe right from the left edge of the screen to open the toolbar again.

If you swipe a second time you’ll access the extended toolbar with all the other options for your brushes, palettes and eraser.

Can I type in text?

Endless Paper has no support for typed text at the moment, but the workaround is to use images/snapshots.

You can collect & arrange text excerpts from books or any other App as screenshots.

How to get rid of the frame on my canvas?

While inside a presentation folder  you might have noticed a black frame on your canvas no matter where you go.

This is here only to represent what would be visible during a presentation based on the aspect ratio you chose when creating it.

If you aren’t presenting and wish to get rid of this frame, you just have to exit your presentation folder in the bookmark menu . Return to the general bookmark menu or enter another folder.

How to create a backup of my canvas/move my data to another device?

Just follow the directions from the Archive  section.

Is there a folder system?

While your surface in infinite in Endless Paper, you can still organize your bookmark in folders in the bookmark menu . Simply tap on the three dots  at the top of the pop-over, and then select « New folder  ». You can then drag and drop your existing bookmarks in this folder, or create new bookmarks directly in it.

If you wish for a more tangible separation between your different project, you can go in your canvas gallery to create a new canvas. Tap on the Endless Paper logo  at the top right corner of your screen and then tap on the plus button  at the top of your gallery to create a new empty surface.

What are your social media? I’d like to tag you in my posts!

Thank you for wanting to credit us!

The preferred way to feature Endless Paper in a social post is (Instagram example here):

Created with @endlesspaper.app

Here are the different handles:

• Youtube @endlesspaper-app
• LinkedIn Endless Paper
• Twitter @endlesspaper
• Instagram @endlesspaper.app
• TikTok @endlesspaper
• Website https://endlesspaper.app

We can’t wait to see your art online!

Can I rotate my canvas?

No.

We tested canvas rotation on early versions of the app, but feedback was that it is extremely disorienting and detrimental to spatial awareness so we disabled it.

We still think it can be useful in certain scenarios, but we need to come up with a good user experience for that and prevent accidental rotations.

Why are my strokes uneven or invisible?

If your strokes aren’t showing or are messy even while using an Apple Pen, there might be a pressure sensitivity issue with your stylus.

Fortunately there is a diagnostic tool integrated into the app. First you need to send us an email with your diagnostic information.

Then from your iPad, copy/paste this link to safari ( ep://support/pencilDiagnostic ) and follow the on-screen instructions: Run pencil pressure diagnostic in Endless Paper.

The data will be transmitted to us automatically at the end of the diagnostic (make sure you are connected to WIFI) and we’ll be notified.

Can I draw without an Apple Pen?

You can draw without an Apple Pencil; however, we highly recommend using one for the best user experience. We believe that utilizing a physical stylus allows for effortless use of our app and enables you to create with a low cognitive load. Simply tap on the "Use Finger to Draw" switch in the option tab  to start drawing without an Apple Pencil.

Can I draw with my hands?

Yes you can draw with your hands. Go in the settings pop-over  and scroll down the option tab . You'll find a "Use Finger to Draw" switch that lets you create without an Apple Pencil. However we beleive that this use of our app wouldn’t be optimal and we highly recommend sticking to the use of a writing tool.

Can I export my canvas in a pdf format?

You can now export sections of your canvas as a PDF file. To do this, go to the sharing pop-over and tap on "Export as PDF ". You'll access an interface where you can crop your canvas and export the selected area as a PDF file.

While this format has its limitations, it is more versatile than exporting as an image. Although you won't be able to zoom in indefinitely, you can zoom in much more compared to an image, especially if you choose a vector PDF file.

We are also working on a truly unlimited export option that won't require the app to read the file.

How to keep the same brush size when I zoom in and out?

To keep the same brush size whether you’re zooming in or out of your canvas, simply pull the toolbar like a drawer and try the lock pen thickness option .

Normally when you write in Endless Paper, the pen thickness is constant relative to the screen: No matter the zoom level, when you write on the screen it will always be the same thickness.This is the right behavior most of the time but it means that if you write something, zoom in and write again, the new text will appear smaller relative to the previous one… This is annoying when you want to have uniform pen thickness on a piece.

The Lock thickness  feature is designed to solve this exact problem. When you activate it, pen thickness is no longer affected by zoom.Conceptually, activating this option is like adding a landmark, a scale reference to your canvas. It works with all writing tools & we recommend using it in conjunction with bookmarks so that you can always go back to the reference point.

How to draw a straight line?

Our ruler tool helps you to draw straight lines.

Simply select a brush, and then tap on the modifier button  to activate the straight line mode. To go back to normal strokes, tap again on the modifier button.

Is there a lasso tool?

The lasso/select tool is coming!

It didn’t make the cut for V1.3, but we’re working on it. It's a high priority that we consider integral to the overall spatial organization concept.

It is still a lot of work, but we think it will be well worth the wait!

Can I add an image to my canvas?

To add images to your Endless Paper surface, simply drag & drop the image from the other app to Endless Paper.

How to erase the gray dots that are my fingers while I’m screen recording?

This feature was originally requested by teachers who thought that having two apparent dots could help the students and children visualize what they are doing on screen, but we understand that in artistic contexts it doesn’t make much sense.

If you wish to record your screen without the ‘gray dots’, disable the "Touch hotspots while ricording" button located at the bottom of the Option Tab  in the setting popover.

Just a tip before you post your art: we have noticed that posts that zoom in or out with visible hands (so not screen recorded but filmed from above) tend to do better online. They generally are more spectacular to the viewers and attract more likes and comments.

Whatever recording technique you’ll choose to use, we’ll be eager to see your art online!

Are you allowed to sell my data to third parties? Can you see everything I draw in my canvas?

Your privacy is very important for us!

Everything that you create is yours and yours only.

We do not have access to any of it, it is stored locally into your iPad. The only case scenario in which we could see your content is if you reach us and send us an archive of your canvas.

We won’t and can’t, deliberately, sell any of your content to anyone nor publish it, even if you give us access one day.

The only data that we have from our users is anonymized data about your use of our app (which tool are you using the most, how big your canvas is, have you ever used the presentation mode…). We are only using it for statistics in order to improve Endless Paper.

We are currently working on ways to create backups for the users, but once again we won’t have any access to it. Those backups will be stored locally on your iPad if you choose so and you will be the only one to own it.

You can show your canvas to others by using the sharing option or the broadcast button. Other than that, no one can see any of your work. No matter what happens, you have the ability to stop the broadcast at any given moment.

Can I have a discount?

No, unfortunately we don’t offer discounts.

Can I lose my data?

In most cases, no. Endless Paper relies on an automatic saving procedure (which happens automatically every few minutes) that will save your data in a specific backup folder where it will examine the data closely to avoid any error and then read it to ensure its proper functioning. Then and only then will this new save go to its final destination in your folder.

To avoid any corruption, Endless Paper waits until your whole canvas is saved to rewrite over your last save. That way no matter what happens, may it be a dying battery, a crash, or even a cosmic ray, your canvas will be safe and the app won’t keep a broken file (which could then lead to data loss or even crashes).